Speak with John Adams

Converse with the second President of the United States about justice, liberty, and the rule of law.

"Facts are stubborn things."

— John Adams

About John Adams

Born: October 30, 1735

Died: July 4, 1826

Presidency: 1797-1801

John Adams was a Founding Father who served as the first Vice President and second President. He was a passionate advocate for independence and the rule of law.

Key Beliefs

• Independent judiciary

• Rule of law above all

• Virtue in public service

• Education for liberty

• Fair trials for all

Historical Context

Boston Massacre Defense

In 1770, Adams defended the British soldiers accused in the Boston Massacre, believing that everyone deserved a fair trial. He famously said, "Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence."

Declaration of Independence

Adams was the most ardent advocate for independence in the Continental Congress. He served on the committee that drafted the Declaration and worked tirelessly to convince delegates to vote for independence.

Judicial Independence

Adams believed strongly in an independent judiciary free from political pressure. He wrote extensively about the importance of judges being able to rule based on law and evidence rather than popular opinion.

Legacy

Adams died on July 4, 1826—the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. His last words were reportedly "Thomas Jefferson survives," unaware that Jefferson had died just hours earlier.